Chapter #8 Guided Reading
1: What is biological diversity?
Biological Diversity is the variety of life forms, expressed as the number of species or the amount of genetic types in an area.
2: What is a population?
Population is a group of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information.
3: What is a species?
Species are all the individuals that are capable of interbreeding.
4: What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity?
Utilitarian, public service, ecological, moral, theological, aesthetic, recreational, spiritual, and creative.
Define the following:
Genetic Diversity: The total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.
Habitat Diversity: The different types of habitats in a given unit area.
Species Diversity: Species richness, species evenness, and species dominance.
Species Richness: The total # of species
Species Evenness: The relative abundance of a species.
Dominant Species: The most abundant species.
5: What are the 3 main domains of life?
The three main domains of life are species richness, species evenness, and dominant.
6: What is biological evolution?
Biological evolution is the change in inherited characteristics of population from parent to offspring for generations.
7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity.
Certain chemicals and viruses are the main cause of mutations. This affects biological diversity and ultimately the main evidence for ‘Natural Selection’.
8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
Natural selection is similar to the term of ‘survival of the fittest’; where those individuals with favorable phenotypes survive and those that do not die off. The four primary factors are:
-The inheritance of traits
-Environmental variability
-Differential reproduction
-Influence of the environment
A Closer Look 8.1 Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria Parasite
1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitoes and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates natural selection Migration and Geographic Isolation
Malaria is a disease linked to infected mosquito bites that pose danger and is very lethal. Several people die from this ailment annually, especially in developing countries. DDT is really can kill off mosquitoes, however it also allows natural selection to occur, and those that are not immune to DDT die off but those that have the immunity gene reproduce and pass it on to their offspring. The result of this is senseless pollution of the environment. The issue of malaria is so lethal that it kills a child every 30 seconds in Africa
1: How does Darwin’s Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation?
*Darwin's Finches demonstrated the idea of Adaptive Radiation by evolving into several species.
2: Define: Genetic Drift
*Changes in the frequency of a gene in a population due not to a mutation, selection, or migration, but simply to chance.
3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
*The founder effect is when a small number of individuals are isolated from a larger population. This demonstrates genetic drift by the differences they both have and how they affect the species.
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of Game
In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:
1: Since species had evolved and do evolve, and since some species are also always becoming extinct.
2: Adaptation has no rigid rules. Species adapt in response to the environment.
3:Species and populations become geographically isolated.
4:Species are always evolving and adapting to new environments.
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel
into Great Britain demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
* The intro of American Gray Squirrel demo the competitive exclusion principle because the British red squirrel is being outcompeted by the American grey squirrel.
Measuring Niches
1: What is an ecological niche?
*An ecological niche explains how so many species can coexist.
2: What is the difference between
a fundamental and realized niche?
* The difference between fundamental and realized niche is that one is fundamental, while one is the ones that is actually used, or the realized.
Symbiosis
1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two
organisms that is beneficial to both- each partner in symbiosis is called a:
*Symbiont
2: What is an obligate symbiont?
*An Obligate Symbiont is when each animal provides what the other needs .
3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogs
*People and dogs are symbiotic because of their behavioral connection between people.
Predation and Parasitism
1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an ecosystem
*Predation and parasitism help increase species diversity in an ecosystem by causing different effects and make changes into them.
How Geography and Geology Affect Biological Diversity
1: In general, greater diversity occurs: __Along rivers or near oceans____________________
2: What geographic factors affect species biodiversity?
*Topography, slope and elevation.
3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity?
*Modern environmental disturbances can increase diversity by it's effects to the animals, and reproduction rate.
4: How do people affect diversity? Explain.
*People affect diversity by reducing their populations because the cities are intervening the habitats, which highly affect the animals diversity.
Factors That Tend To Increase Diversity
Factors That Trend To Decrease Diversity
Local Areas
cities
Soil Type
vegetation
Topography
cars
Elevation
smog
Near a drainage basin
fertilizers
slope
people
Convergent and Divergent Evolution
1: Define and give an example of each of the following:
* Convergent Evolution: Evolution in similar desert climates. EX: Desert Climates.
* Divergent Evolution Invasions: A population is divided. EX: Ostrich
1: What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
*The 4 main principles are:
-Islands have fewer species than continents/
-The two sources of new species on an island are migration from the mainland and evolution of new species in place.
-The smaller the island, the fewer the species...
-The farther the island is from mainland, the fewer the species.
2: What is an ecological island?
*A comparatively small habitat separated from a major habitat of the same kind.
Study Questions
1: Why do introduced species often become pests?
*Introduced species often become pests because they affect become invasive species, or just get in the way and don't help around at all.
1: What is biological diversity?
Biological Diversity is the variety of life forms, expressed as the number of species or the amount of genetic types in an area.
2: What is a population?
Population is a group of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information.
3: What is a species?
Species are all the individuals that are capable of interbreeding.
4: What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity?
Utilitarian, public service, ecological, moral, theological, aesthetic, recreational, spiritual, and creative.
Define the following:
Genetic Diversity: The total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.
Habitat Diversity: The different types of habitats in a given unit area.
Species Diversity: Species richness, species evenness, and species dominance.
Species Richness: The total # of species
Species Evenness: The relative abundance of a species.
Dominant Species: The most abundant species.
5: What are the 3 main domains of life?
The three main domains of life are species richness, species evenness, and dominant.
6: What is biological evolution?
Biological evolution is the change in inherited characteristics of population from parent to offspring for generations.
7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity.
Certain chemicals and viruses are the main cause of mutations. This affects biological diversity and ultimately the main evidence for ‘Natural Selection’.
8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
Natural selection is similar to the term of ‘survival of the fittest’; where those individuals with favorable phenotypes survive and those that do not die off. The four primary factors are:
-The inheritance of traits
-Environmental variability
-Differential reproduction
-Influence of the environment
A Closer Look 8.1 Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria Parasite
1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitoes and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates natural selection Migration and Geographic Isolation
Malaria is a disease linked to infected mosquito bites that pose danger and is very lethal. Several people die from this ailment annually, especially in developing countries. DDT is really can kill off mosquitoes, however it also allows natural selection to occur, and those that are not immune to DDT die off but those that have the immunity gene reproduce and pass it on to their offspring. The result of this is senseless pollution of the environment. The issue of malaria is so lethal that it kills a child every 30 seconds in Africa
1: How does Darwin’s Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation?
*Darwin's Finches demonstrated the idea of Adaptive Radiation by evolving into several species.
2: Define: Genetic Drift
*Changes in the frequency of a gene in a population due not to a mutation, selection, or migration, but simply to chance.
3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
*The founder effect is when a small number of individuals are isolated from a larger population. This demonstrates genetic drift by the differences they both have and how they affect the species.
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of Game
In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:
1: Since species had evolved and do evolve, and since some species are also always becoming extinct.
2: Adaptation has no rigid rules. Species adapt in response to the environment.
3:Species and populations become geographically isolated.
4:Species are always evolving and adapting to new environments.
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel
into Great Britain demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
* The intro of American Gray Squirrel demo the competitive exclusion principle because the British red squirrel is being outcompeted by the American grey squirrel.
Measuring Niches
1: What is an ecological niche?
*An ecological niche explains how so many species can coexist.
2: What is the difference between
a fundamental and realized niche?
* The difference between fundamental and realized niche is that one is fundamental, while one is the ones that is actually used, or the realized.
Symbiosis
1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two
organisms that is beneficial to both- each partner in symbiosis is called a:
*Symbiont
2: What is an obligate symbiont?
*An Obligate Symbiont is when each animal provides what the other needs .
3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogs
*People and dogs are symbiotic because of their behavioral connection between people.
Predation and Parasitism
1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an ecosystem
*Predation and parasitism help increase species diversity in an ecosystem by causing different effects and make changes into them.
How Geography and Geology Affect Biological Diversity
1: In general, greater diversity occurs: __Along rivers or near oceans____________________
2: What geographic factors affect species biodiversity?
*Topography, slope and elevation.
3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity?
*Modern environmental disturbances can increase diversity by it's effects to the animals, and reproduction rate.
4: How do people affect diversity? Explain.
*People affect diversity by reducing their populations because the cities are intervening the habitats, which highly affect the animals diversity.
Factors That Tend To Increase Diversity
Factors That Trend To Decrease Diversity
Local Areas
cities
Soil Type
vegetation
Topography
cars
Elevation
smog
Near a drainage basin
fertilizers
slope
people
Convergent and Divergent Evolution
1: Define and give an example of each of the following:
* Convergent Evolution: Evolution in similar desert climates. EX: Desert Climates.
* Divergent Evolution Invasions: A population is divided. EX: Ostrich
1: What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
*The 4 main principles are:
-Islands have fewer species than continents/
-The two sources of new species on an island are migration from the mainland and evolution of new species in place.
-The smaller the island, the fewer the species...
-The farther the island is from mainland, the fewer the species.
2: What is an ecological island?
*A comparatively small habitat separated from a major habitat of the same kind.
Study Questions
1: Why do introduced species often become pests?
*Introduced species often become pests because they affect become invasive species, or just get in the way and don't help around at all.